Ibipimo bya Johnson ku bushyuhe bwo kumenya no kumenyekana

Amateka Amateka: Mu mpera za 1950, John W. Johnson wo mu Gihugu U.Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia). Mu mpapuro ze 1958"Isesengura rya Sisitemu yo gushiraho ishusho", Johnson yatangaje imipaka ifatika (mu murongo babiri ku ntego) isabwa kubikorwa bitandukanye (Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia) (Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia). Ibi byamenyekanye nkibipimo bya Johnson. Ihindura ibyuma byemerera injeniyeri guhanura uko hagaragaye intego ya kure, hamenyekanye, cyangwa yamenyekanye mubihe byatanzwe (Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia) (Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia). Ukoresheje ibi bipimo, icyitegererezo kinini cyahanuwe cyateye imbere kugirango kigabanye sensor imikorere yimiterere itandukanye (Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia) (Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia).

Gutahura, kumenyekana, no kumenyekanisha imirimo (dor)

Ibipimo bya Johnson bisobanura imirimo itatu y'ibanze igaragara:

• Kumenya: Indorerezi abona gusa ko ikintu kiri. (Kuri uru rwego, umuntu ashobora kubona "blob" cyangwa guhinduka.) Johnson yasanze kumenya ibisabwa1.0 ± 0.25 umurongo babirihakurya y'intego (Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia).

• Kumenyekana: Indorerezi irashobora kuvuga ubwoko rusange bwibintu (urugero, gutandukanya umuntu mumodoka). Ibi bisaba ibisobanuro birambuye - Mubisanzwe4.0 ± 0.8 umurongo babiri(Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia).

• Kumenyekanisha: Indorerezi irashobora kumenya ikintu cyihariye (urugero icyitegererezo cyimodoka runaka cyangwa umuntu runaka). Nibikorwa bikomeye, bisaba kubyerekeye6.4 ± 1.5 umurongo ibice(Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia).

(Johnson yavuze kandi ku ntambwe yo hagati "icyerekezo" kuri ~ 1.4 umurongo ibice (Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia), ariko ibiganiro bigezweho bikunze kwibanda kumirimo yijimye.) Mu magambo afatika, umurongo umwe, umurongo wa coup uhuye na pigiseli ebyiri hejuru yintego (Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia). Mubisobanuro bya none byerekana, izi mbubibu akenshi zigerwaho kugeza kuri 1, 3, na 6 yizunguruka kuri 50% bishoboka yo gukora umurimo (Igitonyanga ni iki, kandi ni iki gishingiye ku kubara?).

(Umugabo Wigenga Silhouette Vector Art - Kuramo 17,246+ Umugabo Silhouette Udushushonda & Ibishushanyo - Pilixaby)Igishushanyo:Umuntu - intego ifatika munsi yitegereje. Kuri kure, intego itanga gusa silhouette yijimye (bihagije kugirango utavuga rumwe); Nkicyemezo (cyangwa hafi) cyiyongera, isura yimyandikire kandi yimyenda iragaragara, irushaho kumenyekana kandi amaherezo iranga byuzuye. Ibipimo bya Johnson biranga umubare wumurongo igice kinini kirakenewe kuri buri cyiciro (Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia) (Igitonyanga ni iki, kandi ni iki gishingiye ku kubara?).

Ibipimo ngenderwaho bya Johnson (imyanya y'imyanzuro)

Ibipimo byumwimerere bya Johnson bikunze kuvugwa muri make kuburyo bukurikira igipimo cya 50% cya buri gikorwa cya buri gikorwa (Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia):

• Gutahura (ikintu kiri imbere): ~ 1.0 umurongo kuri target (50% bishoboka) (Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia).

• Kumenyekana (Icyiciro cyikintu): ~ 4.0 umurongo ibice ku ntego (Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia).

• Kumenyekanisha (ikintu cyihariye): ~ 6.4 Umurongo Kumari Kumurongo (Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia).

Indangagaciro zifata intego yo hejuru - Itandukaniro ryibanze kandi Indorerezi nziza. (Buri murongo uhwanye na sensor ebyiri pigiseli, bityo e.g.Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia).) Sisitemu nyinshi zitere "dro" nimero ya 1 - 3 - 6Igitonyanga ni iki, kandi ni iki gishingiye ku kubara?). Kurugero, umurongo ngenderwaho na NATO ukoresha hafi 1 kuzenguruka, 3 kugirango umenye ibyamenyekanye, na 6 kubiranga (Igitonyanga ni iki, kandi ni iki gishingiye ku kubara?). .Amateka nubwihindurize bwibipimo bya Johnson).)

Ibipimo bya Johnson bikunze kugaragazwa na bishoboka: yatanzweNinzinguzingo ku ntego, hari amahirwe yo gukora neza buri gikorwa (mubisanzwe sigmoid - nka, hamwe na 50% ku rubibi rwatanzwe). Ariko, akenshi bikoreshwa nka "amategeko yintoki" ajyanye no gukemura ikibazo.

Imiterere (imyanzuro nurwego)

Umubare wimizigo ishimishije hakurya biterwa nubunini bwintego, urwego, sensor optics, nubunini bwa pigiseli. Kuri Pinhole yoroshye cyangwa moderi yoroheje (nto - Angle Kugereranya), umuntu asanga (Isesengura ryibanze rya sisitemu yimodoka yigenga):

ahonni umubare wizunguruka ku ntego,h_oni intego iranga ubunini (m),fni lens yibanze (ibice bimwe nka pigiseli),pni pigineli pinch (intera hagati ya pigiseli), naRni intera ku ntego. Iyi formula ifata ingaruka zintangiriro: Intego nini (cyangwa ndende ndende) yiyongeran, mugihe pigiseli nini cyangwa intera ndende igabanukan(Isesengura ryibanze rya sisitemu yimodoka yigenga). NibaNinzinguzingo zirakenewe (kuva kumeza ya johnson) kubikorwa runaka, intera itesha agaciro irashobora gukemurwa nkuko

Kurugero, gukuba kabiri ingano cyangwa uburebure bwibanze bukubye kabiri intera ihamyeN(Isesengura ryibanze rya sisitemu yimodoka yigenga). Mu buryo nk'ubwo, guhagarika pigiseli (i.e. Icyemezo cyo hejuru cya sensor) kabiri. Iyi formulas ikunze gukoreshwa na kamera yubushyuhe - Impapuro zo kugereranya D / R / i iringaniye mubihe byiza.

Ibintu bireba intera yo kumenya

Imiterere yoroshye yerekana hejuru yifata itandukaniro ritunganye kandi risobanutse. Mubikorwa, ibintu byinshi bigira ingaruka kumenyekanisha no kumenyekana:

• Ingano yintego kandi ihamye: nini (ndende cyangwa yagutse) intego zigaragara murugendo runini; Mu buryo nk'ubwo, intego ifite itandukaniro rinini cyane (E.G. Ashyushye vs Cooler kuruta inyuma) biroroshye kubimenya. Kuri kamera yubushyuhe, igitekerezo rusange ni a ~2 ° c itandukaniro ryubushyuhe kuva inyuma yo kumenya kwizerwa. Gitoya cyangwa hasi - Itandukaniro Intego zisaba inzinguzingo nyinshi (gusa iringaniza iringaniye).

• Sensor Icyemezo & Optics: Nkuko byerekanwe, pigiseli nziza (ntop) kandi ndende ndendefOngera intera. Nanone, kwimura ibikorwa bya SENSILL (MTF) hamwe nubuziranenge bwa Optique bigira ingaruka muburyo burambuye bwimuwe. Mu magambo ya Johnson, Optics nziza (MTF yo hejuru) kugabanya neza ibyiza bisabwa kumurimo watanzwe (Isesengura ryibanze rya sisitemu yimodoka yigenga).

• Ibihe byikirere: Ikirere nyacyo kigana ibimenyetso byinfu. Ingaruka z'imvura, igihu, cyangwa umukungugu birashobora kugabanya urwego. Moderi yoroshye yo gukoresha amategeko ya byeri (f_t = exp (- r / l_r)) kubara kwanduza muburebure (Amateka nubwihindurize bwibipimo bya Johnson). Ubushakashatsi bwa Empiriyani bwerekana igihu n'ikirere kiremereye birashobora gutahura hasi bishoboka, ndetse no muri Ir (Amateka nubwihindurize bwibipimo bya Johnson). Ubushyuhe IR bubabaye munsi yumwuka wamazi kuruta urumuri rugaragara, ariko ikirere kibi kiracyafite umubare munini (Amateka nubwihindurize bwibipimo bya Johnson) (Amateka nubwihindurize bwibipimo bya Johnson).

• Akajagari k'inyuma: Hejuru - Amavuriro agaragaza gutahura. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko muri "Clutter yo hasi" amashusho ya Johnson irashobora kuba ntoya nka ~ 0.5Amateka nubwihindurize bwibipimo bya Johnson). Mubikorwa, hagurujwe amasoko cyangwa agaragara inyuma ya kenshi bisaba gutandukanya intego cyangwa gukemura neza hejuru ya johnson.

• Ikimenyetso - Kuri - Ikigereranyo cy'urusaku (SNR) na sensor urusaku: Ubushyuhe bufite urusaku (netd) hamwe n'ingendo zigarukira. Umukono uhangayitse cyangwa urusaku rwinshi rwa sensor ruzamura uruziga rukenewe. Ubushakashatsi bushimangira ko snr nkeya ikora nka Blur: Igabanya ubuziranenge bwishusho kandi igabanya urwego rwiza (Amateka nubwihindurize bwibipimo bya Johnson).

Hamwe na hamwe, ibyo bintu bivuze ko ibipimo bya Johnson bitanga iterambere. Kubara byose bifatika bigomba kubamo inoti yoherezwa mu kirere, itandukaniro ryinshi, urusaku rwinshi, nibindi. Ibimenyetso byinshi "(bitandukanye cyane nijuru. Muri rusange, umubare ufatika ugereranya ugwiza formulaire yoroshye mugusura cyangwa kwanduza ijambo kugirango ubaze ikirere.

Urugero

Gukoresha formulaire yavuzwe haruguru, imwe irashobora kugereranya D / R / i Ranges kuri kamera yatanzwe. Kurugero:

• Urugero:Umuntu wa 2m muremure (h_o= 2m) gushushanywa na kamera yubushyuhe hamwef= 50mm na pigirelip= 20μm (= 0.02mm). Gukoresha 1 - cycle imipaka yo kumenya,

  $$R _ {\ rm det} = \ frac {2 \, \ inyandiko {2 {mm {} {\ agera kuri 2500 \.$$

  Kumenyekana (≈3 cycle) no kumenyekana (≈6 cycle), iringaniye ryabaye ≈83M na ≈417M (kuva $ R \ propto1 / n $).

• Urugero rw'umurimo:Inyandiko ya Leonardo DrS itanga intego yumuntu (igipimo gikomeye ~ 0.95m) na kamera ifite pigiseli 17μm pigiseli na 16.75m ndende. Kuri 3 - Imirimo yo kumenyekana kuzenguruka, iratera 50% yo kumenya hafi 157m. .

• Indangagaciro zisanzwe:Mubihe byiza (gutandukanya itandukaniro, umwuka usobanutse), ubutegetsi bwa Johnson - of - Guhanura Kumenya Umuntu Kugeza kuri kilometero nkeya. Kurugero, isoko imwe ivuga ~ 2000m Kumenya, ~ 667m Kumenyekana, na ~ 333m Kumenya kumuntu 1.8m (Igitonyanga ni iki, kandi ni iki gishingiye ku kubara?).

Izi ngero zerekana uburyo ibipimo bya Johnson bishobora gukoreshwa muburyo bworoshye. Imvugo nyayo mumyitozo akenshi igabanuka kubera ibintu byavuzwe haruguru.

Porogaramu

Ibipimo bya Johnson bikoreshwa cyane mugushushanya no gusuzuma sisitemu yamashusho yubushyuhe hirya no hino mu mirima myinshi:

• Igisirikare n'Ingabo: Sensor Ibisobanuro by'ijoro - Icyerekezo Cyijoro - Icyerekezo Cyijoro - Icyerekezo CyuzuyeIbipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia). Gushaka intego no kumenyekana (inshuti vs foe) nijoro rero byishingikirize kuri izi zigereranya. Imfashanyigisho nyinshi zo mu murima no gutanga amasoko yerekana 1 - 3 - 6 Ingingo - ya - Igikumwe cy'intwaro - Urutoki rworoshye.

• Shakisha no gutabara / umutekano: Guhagarara cyangwa kamera zubushyuhe bwashyizwe kugirango ubone abantu bazimiye, cyangwa gukurikirana impandezi, nanone bakoresha ibipimo byamato. Kurugero, amatsinda yo gutabara arashobora gusaba kamera ishoborakumenyaUmuntu kuri 1km namenyakuri 400m. Ibipimo bya Johnson bitanga icyingenzi kuri ibyo bisobanuro nkibi.

• Gukurikiranwa no kubahiriza amategeko: Irondo ryashinzwe imipaka, gukurikirana ibinyabuzima, na sisitemu yo gutahura imiyoboro ikoresha ibi bipimo kugirango ihanure umuntu cyangwa imodoka nijoro. (Ibipimo bimwe bishimangira imirimo ya Johnson; e.g

Muri buri kibazo, ibipimo bya Johnson bifasha guhindura sensor ibipimo (imyanzuro, optics, ingano ya pigiseli) mumikorere yintangiriro ya menti (urwego rwo kumenya cyangwa kumenya intego isanzwe).

Imipaka n'intangarugero

Nubwo byari bifite akamaro, ibipimo bya Johnson bifite aho bigarukira. Nuburyo bwiza, bwigitabo bufite intego isibye abantu benshi rwose - Ingaruka z'isi:

• Ibintu byoroshe: Bifata amajwi imwe, itandukaniro rirenga, n'indorerezi - Indorerezi. Ntabwo itanga clutter cyangwa camouflage. Mubikorwa, intego yo kurwanya inyuma yinyuma irashobora gusaba gukemura ikibazo kuruta indangagaciro za Johnson (Amateka nubwihindurize bwibipimo bya Johnson).

• Yirengagije ingaruka zishingiye ku bidukikije: Ibipimo by'umwimerere ntibishyiramo ikirere cyangwa kwifata ikirere. Ubushakashatsi bushimangira ko nta moderi yoroshye ifata igihu, imvura, n'ingaruka zumwotsi (Amateka nubwihindurize bwibipimo bya Johnson) (Amateka nubwihindurize bwibipimo bya Johnson). Sisitemu zigezweho zikunze kugwiza nijambo ryoherejwe ryikirere cyangwa gukoresha moderi zigaragara.

• Ibintu byabantu: Igikorwa cya Johnson cyakoresheje indorerezi nke zatojwe ziyobowe; Irengagije itandukaniro mubihugura, kwitabwaho, umunaniro, nibindi birashobora gutandukanya ibintu byingenzi hagati yabantu muburyo bwo kumenya bishoboka (Amateka nubwihindurize bwibipimo bya Johnson).

• Ikimenyetso no gutunganya: Icyitegererezo kivura ishusho nkaho gafite gusa na geometrie (pigiseli na optics). Ntabwo irinjiza urusaku rwa sensor (netd), imbaraga zingirakamaro, cyangwa uburyo bwo gutunganya amashusho. Ibiguru byose bikarisha cyangwa amashusho algorithms birashobora kunoza imyanzuro nziza, bivuze kamera nyayo akenshi zigabanya imipaka ya johnson.

• Birashoboka kwibanda: Ibipimo bisobanurwa kuri ~ 50% bishoboka. Ntibasobanura uburyo imikorere itera imbere hamwe no gukemura byinshi birenze urugero, cyangwa ngo bafate ibinyoma - ibiciro byo gutabaza cyangwa umurongo wa roc.

Kubera izo funguro, imitekerereze yimikorere igezweho yongereye Johnson. Kurugero, ibishishwa byingabo U.SS.Amateka nubwihindurize bwibipimo bya Johnson). Ibikoresho byinshi byo gusesengura ubu bihuza MTF, snr na moderi yikirere neza. Bamwe Barimo Beer-Lambert Guteranya (Nkuko biri J - Filime / T - yahuye na moderi (Amateka nubwihindurize bwibipimo bya Johnson))) cyangwa ibipimo byubugizi bwa nabi. Abandi basimbuye imipaka ikomeye hamwe nibitekerezo byibarurishamibare (E.G. ukoresheje uwakiriye gukora imirongo iranga). Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, ibipimo bya Johnson biracyari igitekerezo cyibanze hamwe nibyihuse - Itondekanya ryambere kurubuga rwamashusho.

Muri make, ibipimo bya Johnson bihuza imyanzuro yimyanya ya sensor ya infrad kumirimo ifatika yo kubona intego. Mugaragaza kumenya, kumenyekana, no kumenyekanisha ukurikije "umurongo babiri ku ntego," Itanga injeniyeri uburyo bworoshye bwo kubara kamera runaka ishobora gukora kamera ya keretse (Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia) (Isesengura ryibanze rya sisitemu yimodoka yigenga). Mugihe umuntu agomba kubara mubyukuri - Ibintu byisi Mubishushanyo birambuye, Ibipimo bya Johnson biracyahimbaza ibisobanuro byubushyuhe bwinshi hamwe nibigereranyo byimikorere uyumunsi (Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia) (Amateka nubwihindurize bwibipimo bya Johnson).

Inkomoko: Ibisobanuro byingenzi nindangagaciro biva mubikorwa byumwimerere bya Johnson (Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia) no kuvuga incamake mubitabo (Ibipimo bya Johnson - Wikipedia) (Igitonyanga ni iki, kandi ni iki gishingiye ku kubara?). Gutahura Urutonde Gukurikirana Gukurikirana - Lens formulaire mugushushanya amashusho (Isesengura ryibanze rya sisitemu yimodoka yigenga). Ingaruka z'ibidukikije na Slutter zanditswe mu gukurikira - Up Inyigisho (Amateka nubwihindurize bwibipimo bya Johnson) (Amateka nubwihindurize bwibipimo bya Johnson). Ingero zifatika nibitekerezo biva kubakora na raporo za tekiniki (Igitonyanga ni iki, kandi ni iki gishingiye ku kubara?).