??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????
??????: 1950 ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????. ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? - ????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? (????????? ???????? - ??????????). ????? 1958 ?????? ??"??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????", ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? (?????? ???? ??????) ?????? ???? (????????? ???????? - ??????????) (????????? ???????? - ??????????). ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???. ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ????, ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? (????????? ???????? - ??????????) (????????? ???????? - ??????????). ??? ???????? ?????? ??????, ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? (????????? ???????? - ??????????) (????????? ???????? - ??????????).
????? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? (????) ????????
????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????:
-
??????????: ?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ????. (??? ????????, ??????? ???????? "??????" ?? ??????? ?????? ????.) ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????1.0 ± 0.25 ???? ???????????? ???? (????????? ???????? - ??????????).
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?????????: ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? (???????? ???, ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????). ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? - ?????? ???4.0 ± 0 0 ???? ????(????????? ???????? - ??????????).
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????? ?????: ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? (???: ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????????). ??? ?????? ???????? ?????6.4 ± 1.5 ???? ????(????????? ???????? - ??????????).
(??????? ??????? "????????" ??????? 1.4 ?????? ???? (????????? ???????? - ??????????) ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????.) ????????? ???????? ??????, ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? (????????? ???????? - ??????????). ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???, ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????, ?? 6% ? ???? 6 ?? 50% ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? (???? ??? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????).
(?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? - 17,246+ ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? - ????????)????:???????? ???? ???????? - ?????? ????????. ???????, ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? (????? ????? ???? ?????????); ????????? (?? ???????? ???) ???? ?? ???, ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??, ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????. ????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? (????????? ???????? - ??????????) (???? ??? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????).
????????? ???????? (?????? ???????)
??? ??? ??????? 50% ? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??.????????? ???????? - ??????????):
-
?????????? (????? ???????): ~ 1.0 ?????? ???? ???? (50% ??????????) (????????? ???????? - ??????????).
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????????? (????? ???????): ~ 4.0 ?????? ???? (????????? ???????? - ??????????).
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?????????? (??????? ??????): ~ 3 ????? ???? ??????? (????????? ???????? - ??????????).
??? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? - ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????????. (??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??, ??????? E.g. 1.0 line ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? 2 ??.????????? ???????? - ??????????).) ???? ?????? ??? "?? ????" ??? 1 - 3 ??? 1 - 3 - 3 ?????? (???? ????) ????? ????? ???? - ????? ????? - ?????????? (???? ??? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????). ???????? ???, ???? ????????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? 1 ??????? ?????? ????, 3 ????? ????? ????, ?? ????? ????? ???? 6 ?? (???? ??? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????). (?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? 0.75, 1.5, 3 ?? 6 ?????? ?????, ?????????, ?????????, ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ??????? (??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????).)
????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??: ??? ?? ??N?????? ?????? ????, ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?? (??????????? ?????????? - ????, ????? ????? ??????????? 50% ?? ??). ???? ?????, ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? "?????????? ?????? ???????" ??? ????? ?????? ??.
?????? ???? (??????? ?? ?????)
???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????, ?????, ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????. ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? (???? - ??? ????? ??????), ??? ????? ???? ??? (????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????):
?????n??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???,h_o??????? ????? ??????? (m),f??? ????? ??? (??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???),p??????? ??????? (??????? ????????? ??? ???), ??R??????? ????? ??. ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????: ????? ???????? (?? ???? ????? ???) ???? ??n, ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???n(????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????). ???N(????????? ????? ???) ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??, ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????
???????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ????N(????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????). ? ?? ?????, ???????? ??????? ???? ????? (I. HE. ???? ?????? ???????) ????? ????? ????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? d / r / i ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?.
??????????? ?????? ????? ????
??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????. ??????????, ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????:
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????? ??????? ?? ????: ????? (?? ?? ??????) ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????; ? ?? ?????, ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? (?.??. ??? ???????, ???? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?? ??? - ???????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? (?? ???? ???? ???????) ????? ??.
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?????? ??????? ?? ??????: ?????? ??? ?? ?????, ?????? ??????? (????p) ?? ???? ????? ???f????? ???? ?????. ????, ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? (MTF) ?? ????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????. ????????? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? (??? MTF) ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? effectively ????? ??? ??? ???? (????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????).
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????????? ???????: ???? ????????? ??????? ?? als ? ??????? ????. ????, ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? (f_t = exp (- r / l_r)) ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? (??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????). ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? IR ?? ????, (??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????). ??? er ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? (??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????) (??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????).
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??????? ??????: ??? - ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????. ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? "??? ???? ?????" ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? 0.5 ?? ???? ~ 0.5 ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? 50% ???????????? ???? ???? 2.5 ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????.??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????). ??????????, ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?.
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?? signal ?? - ??? - ???? ??????? (SNR) ?? ?????? ?????: ??? ?????????? ??????? (NETD) ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??. ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? effectively ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????. ??? SNR ? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????: ?? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??? effective ????? ??????? ??? ???? (??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????).
??? ???? ????, ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????. ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???, ??????? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ???????? ??????, ????????? ????? "?? signal ??" (??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????) ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ????. ?????? ??? ??, ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????.
?????? ???? ??????
??? ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? d / r / ?? ?????????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??????:
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???????:????? 2 ? ?? ?????????? (h_o=m 2) ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??f= ???? ????? 50 ?? ??????? ???????p= 20μm (= 0.02mm). ????????? 1 - ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????,
????????? ???? (≈3 ????) ?? ????? ????? (≈6 ????), ??????? ?????????? ≈833m ?? ≈417 ($ r \ propto1 / n $ ???).
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???????????? ???????:?????? ??.???.???. 3 - 3 - ?????? ??????????? ??????, ????? 50% ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????? 157 ?? ??? ??. .
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??????? ???????:???????? ??????? ??? (??? ??????, ???????? ????), ????????? ????? - ?? - ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????. ???????? ??????, ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? 2000 ?? ????? ?????, ~ 667 ??? ????? ?????, ~ 667% ?? ????? ?????, ?? mmment 333m ?????????? ??? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????).
??? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??.
??????
???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??:
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??????? ?? ???????: ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????? - ????? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? / ??? / ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? (????????? ???????? - ??????????). ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? (?????? ?????? ????) ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? 1 - 3 - 6 ????? - ?? - ???? ?????? ???? ???? - ??? ?? ??.
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????? ?? ???? ????? / ???????: ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????, ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????. ????????? ???, ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????????????????? 1 ? ???????? ??????? ????????? 400 ??. ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????.
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???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????: ?????? ????????, ?????? ????????, ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????. (???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????; ?.?? ????? d, r, Imaging ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????.)
??? ???????????, ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? (???????, ?????? ???????, ??????? ???????) ????????? ????? ????? ???????? (??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????) ????????? ?????? ?????? ??.
??????? ?? ???? ???????????
??? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????. ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????, ????????? ???????? - ??? ??????:
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??? ?? ????????: ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????, ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? - ????????? ?? ????????????. ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????. ??????????, ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? (??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????).
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???????? ?????? ?????? ?????: ???? ???????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????. ??????? ???????? ?????, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???? (??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????) (??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????). ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????.
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???? ????: ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????; ?? ???????? ???????, ??????, ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? (??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????).
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?? signal ?? ?? ??????: ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? (??????? ?? ??????) ????? ????? ????. ?? ?????? ????? (NETD), ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? effective ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???.
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????????? ??????: ~ 50% ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????. ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? - ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ROC ????.
??? ?????? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? extend ????. ???????? ??????, ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? (????? ????? ???? ???? 0.75 ??) ???? ???? (????? ????? ???? ???? 0.75 ??)??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????). ???? ???????? ?????? ???? MTF, SNR ?? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??. ???????? ?????-????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? (?? - ??????? / ?? - ??-???? ?????? (??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????)) ?? ???????? ????????. ???? ????? ?? hard ????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???? ???? (E.G. ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????). ??? ????, ????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? - ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????.
????????? ???, ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????. ????? ?????, ????????? ?? ????? ????? "?????? ?????? ????? ????" ???? ?????? ????????, ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? (????????? ???????? - ??????????) (????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????). ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???, ???? ???????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????, ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? (????????? ???????? - ??????????) (??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????).
????????: ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? (????????? ???????? - ??????????) ?? ????????? ?????? (????????? ???????? - ??????????) (???? ??? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????). ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? - ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? (????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????). ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? - ???? ?????? (??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????) (??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????). ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? (???? ??? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????).
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